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August von Jilek
August von Jilek (28 August 1819 – 8 November 1898), otherwise August Jilek or Jileck, was a Czech naval doctor, lecturer and administrator. He was born at Litomyšl in Bohemia, now in the Czech Republic, where the Jilek surname can be traced back to the 15th century.〔For genealogical information, please see (this Czech web-page ).〕 He studied medicine at Vienna and after qualifying as a doctor he joined the Austrian Imperial-Royal Navy on 23 October 1845.〔The main source of biographical information for this entry was a long footnote in: H. Flamm, ‘Aufklärung des Pappataci-Fiebers durch österreichische Militärärzte’, ''Wiener klinische Wochenschrift'', 2008, 120(7–8), 198–208, which appears to be based on primary or good secondary sources and can be accessed by subscribers on (this web page ). Other sources not referenced below included the annual Austrian Navy List and some of the extensive literature about the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian.〕
==Naval Career==
Nothing is known about Jilek’s early years in the Navy. He first came to prominence when he was chosen to fill the post of personal physician to the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (1832–1867). The occasion may have been Maximilian’s entry into the Navy and service aboard ''SMS Novara'' in 1851.
In October 1852, Jilek was appointed senior doctor at the newly designated Naval Academy (former Cadet College) at Pola in Istria, now part of Croatia, where he also lectured on oceanography. In March 1856 the Archduke Maximilian, by then Commander in Chief of the Navy, laid the foundation stones for a new Arsenal and a new Academy building, and in July 1857 Jilek completed the textbook on oceanography for Academy students for which he is best known today.〔August Jilek, ''Lehrbuch der Oceanographie zum Gebrauche der k. k. Marine-Akademie'', Vienna: Imperial-Royal Court and Government Printer, 1857, 298 pp.〕
Jilek was not an original scientist in this field. He was probably commissioned by the Archduke to prepare a survey of the newly emerging science and that is what, within his limitations, he achieved. Much of the book is given over to general geographical descriptions of the world’s oceans, for which Jilek may have drawn on versions of Kant’s unpublished lectures on geography that were produced in the early 19th century. Another source was certainly Eduard Bobrik’s multi-volume manual of seamanship, navigation and oceanography – the first book to use that word in its title. In 1848 the second, revised edition of Bobrik’s manual had included sections on oceanography, hydrography, ‘aerography’ and magnetism.〔Eduard Bobrik, ''Handbuch der praktischen Seefahrtskunde'', pt 1, Allgemeine Vorbereitungen zur Steuermanns- und Schifferkunde, oder mathematische und physische Geographie; physische und topische Ozeanographie; Aerographie; Lehre vom Magnetismus; Arithmetik; Elementar-Geometrie und ebene Trigonometrie, Leipzig: Verlagsbureau, 1848.〕 But time and again when Jilek addressed the major physical processes which govern the oceans, the true subject of oceanography, he was obliged to declare that no one yet understood them. However he made a reasonable job of explaining the methods and preliminary results that had recently been presented by Matthew Fontaine Maury in his ''Wind and Current Charts'', and had then been enlarged upon in Maury’s masterpiece ''The Physical Geography of the Sea'', first translated into German in 1856.〔Matthew F. Maury, trans. C. Boettger, ''Die physische Geographie des Meeres'', Leipzig: Gustav Mayer, 1856, 268 pp.〕
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